Donnerstag, 27. September 2012

Exercise in the Prevention of Falls in Older People

A Systematic Literature Review Examining the Rationale and the Evidence  

Authors: Carter N.D; Kannus P.; Khan K.M.

Source: Sports Medicine, Volume 31, Number 6, 1 June 2001 , pp. 427-438(12)

Abstract:

Falls are a major source of death and injury in elderly people. For example, they cause 90% of hip fractures and the current cost of hip fractures in the US is estimated to be about 10 billion dollars.

Age-related changes in the physiological systems (somatosensory, vestibular and visual) which contribute to the maintenance of balance are well documented in older adults. These changes coupled with age-related changes in muscle and bone are likely to contribute to an increased risk of falls in this population.

The integrated rehabilitation-based model of fall risk factors reveals multiple sites for interventions that may reverse fall risk factors. Regular exercise may be one way of preventing falls and fall-related fractures.

The evidence for this contention comes from a variety of sources. On the basis of 9 randomised controlled studies conducted since 1996, exercise appears to be a useful tool in fall prevention in older adults, significantly reducing the incidence of falls compared with control groups.

However, current limitations such as inconsistencies in the measurement of key dependent and independent variables do not, at present, permit a meta-analysis of intervention trials. Further investigation, using trials designed with the current limitations in mind, is necessary to establish the optimum exercise programme to maximise fall prevention in older adults. 

Quelle:  http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/adis/smd/2001/00000031/00000006/art00003



 
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Fall Prevention Strategies in Old Peoples’ Homes

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Fall Prevention Strategies in Old Peoples’ Homes

McMurdo MET, Millar AM, Daly F

Gerontology 2000;46:83–87 (DOI: 10.1159/000022139) 

 Abstract:
 
Background: 

Falls are a major cause of morbidity in old age. A small number of fall prevention trials in cognitively intact community-dwelling older people have been effective. This study set out to examine the preventability of falls in older people living in institutional care. 

Objective: 

To evaluate the effectiveness of falls risk factor assessment/modification and seated balance exercise training in reducing falls among elderly people living in residential care. Methods: 133 residents with a mean age of 84± (SD) 6.8 years were allocated at random by home to receive either a 6-month falls risk factor assessment/modification and seated balance exercise training programme (n = 77) or 6 months of reminiscence therapy (n = 56). The risk factors targeted were postural hypotension, polypharmacy, visual acuity, and ambient lighting levels. Falls risk factor assessments and recommendation for modifications were performed at baseline in the intervention group and assessments repeated at 6 months. Functional reach, reaction time, timed up-and- go, grip strength, spinal flexibility, and Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Morale Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination scores were determined at baseline and at 6 months by a ‘blind’ observer. Falls and fractures were then monitored in both groups during a 7- to 12-month falls-monitoring follow-up period. 

Results: 

Only 90 of 133 (67.7%) residents completed the 6-month intervention period, and 84 (63.2%) completed the 7- to 12-month falls-monitoring follow-up period. Both prevalence of postural hypotension (p = 0.0005) and poor visual acuity (p = 0.04) were reduced in the intervention group. There was no difference between the groups in the number of falls sustained, the risk of falling [odds ratio 0.45 (95% CI 0.19–1.14)], or in the risk of recurrent falling [odds ratio 1.07 (95% CI 0.40–2.97)]. No significant differences were found between the groups with regard to change in other outcome measures. 

Conclusions: 

 The high drop-out rate reduced the power of this study to detect any effect of the interventions used. It is possible that either the exercises were not sufficiently vigorous or that to improve balance exercises must be performed standing. Further research is required to identify effective fall prevention strategies for elderly people in residential settings.  

Copyright © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel




Quelle:  http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstractBuch&ArtikelNr=22139&ProduktNr=225842



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Effects of Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness and fall prevention in fall-prone older adults

Abstract  / Keywords:
  • fall avoidance efficacy;
  • falls;
  • nursing;
  • older adults;
  • physical fitness;
  • Tai Chi exercise
Aim.  This paper reports a study to determine changes in the physical fitness (knee and ankle muscle strength, balance, flexibility, and mobility), fall avoidance efficacy, and fall episodes of institutionalized older adults after participating in a 12-week Sun-style Tai Chi exercise programme.

Background.  Fall prevention has a high priority in health promotion for older people because a fall is associated with serious morbidity in this population. Regular exercise is effective in fall prevention for older adults because of improvements in strength and balance. Tai Chi exercise is considered to offer great potential for health promotion and rehabilitation, particularly in the maintenance of good mental and physical condition in older people.

Methods.  A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group was used. Data were collected from September 2001 to January 2002. A total of 68 fall-prone older adults with a mean age of 77·8 years participated in the study, and 29 people in the Tai Chi group and 30 controls completed the post-test measures. The Tai Chi exercise programme was provided three times a week for 12 weeks in the experimental group. Data were analysed for group differences using t-tests.

Results.  At post-test, the experimental group showed significantly improved muscle strength in knee and ankle flexors (P < 0·001) and extensors (P < 0·01), and improved flexibility (P < 0·01) and mobility (P < 0·001) compared with the control group. There was no significant group difference in fall episodes, but the relative risk ratio for the Tai Chi exercise group compared with the control group was 0·62. The experimental group reported significantly more confidence in fall avoidance than did the control group.

Conclusion.  The findings reveal that Tai Chi exercise programmes can safely improve physical strength and reduce fall risk for fall-prone older adults in residential care facilities.

Quelle:   http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03480.x/abstract?globalMessage=0






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Freitag, 21. September 2012

Vibrationstraining / Fitvibe: Personal-Vibrationstraining

Vibrationstraining / Fitvibe: Personal-Vibrationstraining: Personal-Vibrationstraining:  Kombinieren Sie Vibrationstraining mit Übungen zur Verbesserung der Mobilität (beispielsweise aus dem Power-Y...
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Donnerstag, 20. September 2012

Post-Run Yoga Flexibility Routine

Nach dem Laufen sollst Du ruhen und unbedingt etwas für die Flexibilität tun:


Video von: Post-Run Yoga Flexibility Routine   /   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBLVMR4Asi8&feature=relmfu



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Freitag, 31. August 2012

Beispiel: Vibrationstraining



Video von:BODYFORM / http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPmAoYvAHNY&feature=player_embedded



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Mittwoch, 1. August 2012

Personal-Fitness-4U.de

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